Thyroid

Goitre refers to a generalised swelling or enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can occur due to various reasons, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune diseases (such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis), or other conditions that affect thyroid function. Goitres can vary in size from being barely noticeable to causing visible swelling in the neck. They can be diffuse (involving the entire gland) or nodular (with distinct lumps within the gland). Large goitres can in turn press down on the trachea and oesophagus resulting in shortness of breath, voice change, cough, increased pressure sensation in the neck and sometimes difficulty swallowing. Such retrosternal goitres may need surgery. Although this challenging surgery can be accomplished through the neck (transcervical approach), few patients may need a manubrium-sternal split.